EU Drug Market: MDMA Retail markets www euda.europa.eu
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작성자 Garnet 작성일26-02-28 14:38 조회2회 댓글0건관련링크
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This is because ecstasy tablets now contain more MDMA, on average, than they did in the past (see Section Price and purity). Information gathered in the 2021 EWSD suggests that, on average, those who reported having used MDMA in the last 12 months, consumed one ecstasy tablet or 0.4 grams of MDMA in crystal or powders form each time they used the drug. All of the 10 cities with data for both 2011 and 2023 had higher MDMA levels in 2023 than in 2011 (see Figure 6.6. Key prevalence data for MDMA/ecstasy use in Europe). Where prevalence is higher, it may suggest that MDMA is no longer a niche or subcultural drug limited to dance clubs and parties in those markets.
Harms and ris
Some tablets even contain stamping that indicate the quantity of MDMA present, although this is not always accurate and may also constitute a health risk. For example, in August 2023, tablets containing 350 milligrams of MDMA were seized in Spain. Meanwhile, data from drug-checking services suggest that approximately 85 % of the powders tested in 2023 contained between 80 and 100 % MDMA (81 % in 2022). Data reported to drug-checking services are generally in agreement with these trends. The detection of mixtures of MDMA and ketamine combined with other substances including cocaine have also increased in some regions of Europe, and are sold as ‘pink cocaine’, ‘tuci’ or ‘tucibi’ (see Box 6.3. What is tucibi?
Where prevalence is higher, it may suggest that MDMA is no longer a niche or subcultural drug limited to dance clubs and parties in those markets. According to survey data, the two largest MDMA consumer markets per capita in the European Union are the Netherlands and Ireland, with 6 % or more mdma for sale online people aged 15 to 34 reporting to have consumed MDMA in the last year. Some of the high-strength ecstasy tablets are scored to allow consumers to divide them into smaller portions.
Key neurotransmitters affected by MDMA include serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. MDMA influences the activity of neurotransmitters—chemical messengers responsible for transmitting signals in the brain. Primarily, it depends on the individual’s metabolism, the amount of MDMA taken, frequency of use, and the user’s overall health.
These identifications of high-strength ecstasy tablets prompted harm reduction organisations to issue alerts. In December 2023, beige-golden ecstasy pills with an Audi-logo containing over 300 milligrams of MDMA (between 316 and 324 milligrams) were submitted to drug testing in the Netherlands (DIMS, 2023). Meanwhile, data from drug-checking services suggest that approximately 85 % of the powders tested in 2023 contained between 80 and 100 % MDMA (81 % in 2022). Data reported to drug-checking services are generally in agreement with these trends. However, this trend appears to be changing, as ecstasy tablets have tended to contain less MDMA since 2019.
The majority of drug-induced deaths in Türkiye are among younger people, predominantly males, and are more likely to involve stimulant drugs rather than opioids, compared with the European Union and Norway. For example, in Germany, MDMA was mentioned in 1 in 25 fatal overdoses in 2022, with most of the cases involving multiple drugs. A review of MDMA-related mortality in mdma for sale online Australia and three European countries (Portugal, Finland and Türkiye) showed an increase in the number of fatalities between 2011 and 2017 (Roxburgh et al., 2021). However, studies have suggested that an increase has been observed in some countries. Furthermore, when factoring in the higher price of MDMA in Sweden, the market value in Stockholm is about 3.5 times that of Brussels.
Ecstasy adulteration is responsive to market pressures
Estimates from darknet market studies in 2015 suggested that MDMA was the third most popular drug (after cannabis and pharmaceuticals) purchased on the darknet, accounting for 25% of drug sales. MDMA has also mdma for sale online developed a substantial niche in online darknet markets accessed via dedicated TOR browsers and paid for using cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. The addiction risk ties back to its effects on neurotransmitter
While individual tablet weight cannot be a direct predictor of how much MDMA is present in each tablet, at population level this trend is consistent when comparing larger ecstasy tablets (almost always containing more MDMA) with smaller tablets (almost always containing less MDMA). This means that consumers buying ecstasy tablets in Europe in 2019 would obtain a product containing up to almost double the highest amount of MDMA recorded in ecstasy tablets in 2011. In Australia, in January 2024, potent opioids of the nitazene family were found in brightly coloured tablets with logos reminiscent of ecstasy tablets. In tablets, adulterants typically include stimulants and MDMA-type substances – other phenethylamines with comparable subjective effects, such as MDA (3). Caffeine is the adulterant most commonly found in ecstasy tablets as well as in MDMA powders and crystals. Adulteration appears to be more frequent in ecstasy tablets than in MDMA crystals.
THC Drug Test – Marijuana Urine Dip Test 50 ng/ml
Harms and ris
Some tablets even contain stamping that indicate the quantity of MDMA present, although this is not always accurate and may also constitute a health risk. For example, in August 2023, tablets containing 350 milligrams of MDMA were seized in Spain. Meanwhile, data from drug-checking services suggest that approximately 85 % of the powders tested in 2023 contained between 80 and 100 % MDMA (81 % in 2022). Data reported to drug-checking services are generally in agreement with these trends. The detection of mixtures of MDMA and ketamine combined with other substances including cocaine have also increased in some regions of Europe, and are sold as ‘pink cocaine’, ‘tuci’ or ‘tucibi’ (see Box 6.3. What is tucibi?
Where prevalence is higher, it may suggest that MDMA is no longer a niche or subcultural drug limited to dance clubs and parties in those markets. According to survey data, the two largest MDMA consumer markets per capita in the European Union are the Netherlands and Ireland, with 6 % or more mdma for sale online people aged 15 to 34 reporting to have consumed MDMA in the last year. Some of the high-strength ecstasy tablets are scored to allow consumers to divide them into smaller portions.
Key neurotransmitters affected by MDMA include serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. MDMA influences the activity of neurotransmitters—chemical messengers responsible for transmitting signals in the brain. Primarily, it depends on the individual’s metabolism, the amount of MDMA taken, frequency of use, and the user’s overall health.
These identifications of high-strength ecstasy tablets prompted harm reduction organisations to issue alerts. In December 2023, beige-golden ecstasy pills with an Audi-logo containing over 300 milligrams of MDMA (between 316 and 324 milligrams) were submitted to drug testing in the Netherlands (DIMS, 2023). Meanwhile, data from drug-checking services suggest that approximately 85 % of the powders tested in 2023 contained between 80 and 100 % MDMA (81 % in 2022). Data reported to drug-checking services are generally in agreement with these trends. However, this trend appears to be changing, as ecstasy tablets have tended to contain less MDMA since 2019.
The majority of drug-induced deaths in Türkiye are among younger people, predominantly males, and are more likely to involve stimulant drugs rather than opioids, compared with the European Union and Norway. For example, in Germany, MDMA was mentioned in 1 in 25 fatal overdoses in 2022, with most of the cases involving multiple drugs. A review of MDMA-related mortality in mdma for sale online Australia and three European countries (Portugal, Finland and Türkiye) showed an increase in the number of fatalities between 2011 and 2017 (Roxburgh et al., 2021). However, studies have suggested that an increase has been observed in some countries. Furthermore, when factoring in the higher price of MDMA in Sweden, the market value in Stockholm is about 3.5 times that of Brussels.
Ecstasy adulteration is responsive to market pressures
Estimates from darknet market studies in 2015 suggested that MDMA was the third most popular drug (after cannabis and pharmaceuticals) purchased on the darknet, accounting for 25% of drug sales. MDMA has also mdma for sale online developed a substantial niche in online darknet markets accessed via dedicated TOR browsers and paid for using cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. The addiction risk ties back to its effects on neurotransmitter
While individual tablet weight cannot be a direct predictor of how much MDMA is present in each tablet, at population level this trend is consistent when comparing larger ecstasy tablets (almost always containing more MDMA) with smaller tablets (almost always containing less MDMA). This means that consumers buying ecstasy tablets in Europe in 2019 would obtain a product containing up to almost double the highest amount of MDMA recorded in ecstasy tablets in 2011. In Australia, in January 2024, potent opioids of the nitazene family were found in brightly coloured tablets with logos reminiscent of ecstasy tablets. In tablets, adulterants typically include stimulants and MDMA-type substances – other phenethylamines with comparable subjective effects, such as MDA (3). Caffeine is the adulterant most commonly found in ecstasy tablets as well as in MDMA powders and crystals. Adulteration appears to be more frequent in ecstasy tablets than in MDMA crystals.
THC Drug Test – Marijuana Urine Dip Test 50 ng/ml
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